Comprehensive Planning Master Planning and Zoning Presented at the 2005 National Scenic Byways Conference James Fisher, Ph.D., AICP Hancock County Planning Commission jfisher@hcpcme.org Schoodic National Scenic Byway Acadia All American Road Blackwoods Scenic Byway Million Dollar View Scenic Byway LOGOS: America's Byways, HCPC, Downeast & Acadia, Maine Scenic Byways FIGURE: Social Systems Cleveland (circle in the middle) surrounded by boxes: Economy (arrow of Population pointing to next box) Housing (arrow of Road Construction pointing to next box) Transportation (arrow of Zoning pointing to next box) Land Use/Environment (arrow of Physical Activity pointing to next box) Health (arrow of Education pointing to next box, which is back to Economy) A small figure with just the boxes: Economy Housing Transportation Land Use/Environment Health surrounding a circle with Columbus is in the lower right corner A small figure with just the boxes: Economy Housing Transportation Land Use/Environment Health surrounding a circle with Toledo is in the upper right corner There are arrows to and from Toledo and Columbus to the Cleveland figure FIGURE: Lake Erie Coastal Ohio Trail Feature Map - Eastern Section PHOTOS: Planning Paradigms •Synoptic –Britton Harris -Rational Comprehensive •Incremental–Charles Lindblom The Science of Muddling Through •Transactive–John Friedmann •Advocacy–Paul Davidoff, Si Kahn, Saul Alinsky •Radical–Karl Marx, Paulo Freire FIGURE: The Blessed Path Vision (top box of figure) Plan (second, vertical box of figure) Education: Voluntary Efforts (third tier of boxes) Incentives (third tier of boxes) Ordinances(third tier of boxes) Master Plan (below and connecting to Education and Incentives) Site Planning (below and connecting to Master Plan) Review (bottom of figure, connecting to Site Planning and Ordinances) FIGURE: Drawing Parallels Scenic Byway Plan Phase One –Eligibility –Vision –Inventory of Assets –Application Review –Letter of Eligibility Phase Two –Management Plan –Corridor Advocacy Group –Citizen Participation Plan –Inventory and Analysis –Protection Techniques –Goals, Objectives and Strategies –Action Plan –Consistency Review –Adoption Phase Three -Management Town and City Plan Phase One –Comprehensive Plan –Vision –Inventory and Analysis –Goals, Objectives and Strategies –Consistency Review –Adoption Phase Two –Guidance Systems –Priorities –Information, Incentives and Ordinances –Consistency Review –Adoption •Phase Three -Management Phase One –Vision Purpose –What do you want to be in 20 Years? –What do you value? –What makes your community unique? –Comprehensive, yet Concise Process –Public participation –Brainstorming –Consolidation –Modified Consensus Example –Kennebunkport, ME IMAGE: (EXAMPLE) A VISION FOR KENNEBUNKPORT October 2001 Prepared by Planning Decisions, Inc. CHARACTER OF THE COMMUNITY Kennebunkport has a small-town charm derived from the distinct areas that comprise the Town as a whole: Cape Porpoise, Dock Square, Goose Rocks, Turbats Creek, Cape Arundel, the Village, Wildes Distgrict, and Town House. Each area evokes a distinct feeling. yet each also shares a common Kennebunkport heritage of historic New England colonial and shingle-style homes, sidewalks and shade trees, views of the shore and the forest, working waterfronts and farms, proud churches and locally-owned stores. The Town is peaceful and safe, with excellent municipal services. Kennebunkport is a good place to raise children. DISTINCTIVE FEATURES The identity of Kennebunkport is captured in its well-know places such as the historic homes in the Village, Dock Square, and the village at Cape Porpoise. But there are many other smaller places that are also special to Kennebunkport's identity. VILLAGES AND AREAS Here is the vision that emerged from the visioning process for how Kennebunkport's distinctive villages and areas might look in the future. Cape Porpoise will remain an unpretentious, livable community. Its homes will reflect its diverse year-around population--including fishermen--and will be modest in scale and affordable. The harbor will be home for fishing and lobster boats as well as pleasure craft. The village stores will be oriented towards basic.. PHOTO: Community Visioning Handbook How Imagine--and Create--a Better Future IMAGE: Special Places in Kennebunkport FIGURE: Comprehensive Plan Vision (top box of figure) Plan (second, vertical box of figure) Education: Voluntary Efforts (third tier of boxes) Incentives (third tier of boxes) Ordinances(third tier of boxes) Master Plan (below and connecting to Education and Incentives) Site Planning (below and connecting to Master Plan) Review (bottom of figure, connecting to Site Planning and Ordinances) Phase One –Inventory and Analysis •Purpose –Provide a snapshot of the community –Forecast where community is headed •Process –Inventory of existing conditions •Population •History and Archeology •Economy •Housing •Natural Resources •Land Use •Transportation •Recreation •Public Services –Analysis of inter-relationships –Analysis of trends, projections for the future under current policies PHOTO: church with large trees on either side FIGURE: Gathering Public Opinion Things People Like n = 631 ranking: Access Small Beauty People Service Safe Downtown School All Transportation Tax None Employment Growth Youth Inventory and Analysis -Population •Who lives in your community? –Profile •Age •Ethnicity / Race •Household Formation •Education •How is the community changing? –Dynamics •Births •Deaths •Migration and Commuting FIGURE: Hancock County -600-400-2000200400600 Under 1 year 10 years 20 years 30 years 40 years 50 years 60 years 70 years 80 years 90 years 100 to 104 years Female Male Inventory and Analysis -Economy •What is the economic base? –Industry mix –Employer size –Seasonality •How are residents making a living? –Employment and Unemployment –Occupation mix –Wages and Poverty FIGURE: Monthly Unemployment Rate Source: Maine Department of Labor, 10/6/03 0246810121416JAN, 96JULJAN, 97JULJAN, 98JULJAN, 99JULJAN, 00JULJAN, 01JULJAN, 02JULJAN, 03JUL Percent Unemployed Maine Hancock Washington Inventory and Analysis –Environment •What are the community’s environmental resources? –Wetlands –Critical Natural Habitats –Soils –Forests –Surface and Ground Water –Historic and Archeological Resources •What are the environmental trends? –Water and Air Quality –Health indicators Inventory and Analysis - Housing •Describing the housing stock –Housing Units •Single Family •Town House •Multi Family •Mobile Home –Age and condition –Price and Affordability FIGURE: Value of Residential Properties Sold (1996 and 1999 Combined) Median Price of Homes Sold Source: 1998 Real Estate Transfer Tax, Maine State Housing Authority, 1999 Multiple Listing Service PHOTO: homes in a row Inventory and Analysis - Transportation •How do people get around? –Road classifications –Level of service –Road treatments •Shoulders •Sidewalks •Scenic Byways –Safety / Crash data –Parking –Air Services –Rail Service –Transit Services IMAGE: Map of Trenton area Inventory and Analysis – Land Use •How is land being used? –Industrial –Commercial –Residential –Open Space IMAGE: City of Ellsworth Current Land Use map Inventory and Analysis –Trends •Projections –knowing what is coming –Population –Housing –Transportation –Land Use FIGURE: Expansion of Development (projected) 2040 Goals, Objectives and Strategies - Economy Economy Goal Ellsworth wishes to have a thriving and diverse economy that offers well paying, year-round jobs with employee benefits while protecting the city’s natural environment. In order to meet this goal the city needs to have an active economic development committee and enact a pro-active economic development strategy. Economic Development Strategy The comprehensive plan recommends that the city enact an overall economic development strategy for the city. This strategy would address, but not be limited to the following issues: a. Economic Diversification. How to reduce the city's dependence on low paying retail jobs and increase the number of jobs in high paying sectors. Determine which sectors are most likely to contribute to the long—term prosperity of time city amid Hancock County. b. Capital Improvements. Determine what capital improvements are necessary to attract businesses to designated business and industrial sites. c. Assessment of Future Industrial Land Needs. Assess if additional industrially zoned land would be needed. d. Staffing Needs. Assess time staffing needs of any economic development effort including whether it is more cost-effective to hire a full—time economic development director, contract for certain services or rely on regional economic development staff. Implementation strategy: The city seeks matching grant funds from sources such as the Maine Department of Economic and Community Development. Goals, Objectives and Strategies - Economy •Labor Force Development •Business Park Development •Regional Economic Development Marketing •Waterfront Revitalization •Downtown Revitalization •Environmental Quality •Industrial Park Development Future Land Use Plan •Estimate future demand for various types of land; •Present an overall development scheme for future growth: and Purpose ------------------Standards –Industrial –Commercial –Urban Residential –Rural Residential –Natural Resource •Recommend measures to distinguish between growth and rural areas. FIGURE: Winter Harbor Future Land Use Plan Guidance Systems Vision (top box of figure) Plan (second, vertical box of figure) Education: Voluntary Efforts (third tier of boxes) Incentives (third tier of boxes) Ordinances(third tier of boxes) Master Plan (below and connecting to Education and Incentives) Site Planning (below and connecting to Master Plan) Review (bottom of figure, connecting to Site Planning and Ordinances) Strategic Mix •Education –Low level of resistance –Not-complex –Uneven implementation •Incentive –Flexible –Some resistance –Complex –Disparities in effects •Ordinance –Inflexible –Tremendous resistance –Can be complex –Potentially fair FIGURE: three circles overlapping Education Ordinance Incentive Education •Improve choices with better information •Generate contributions of local resources •Promote “Merit Goods” •Examples –Informational signage –Landscaping recommendations FIGURES: two text boxes: No Smoking Smoke Free Play Area Incentives •One of many examples: Impact Fees –Removing externalities –Motivating change –Raising revenues •Other examples –Highway Toll –Density bonus –Tax increment financing IMAGE: Financing Infrastructure Improvements thorugh Impact Fees A Manual for Maine Municipalities on the Design and Calculation of Development Impact Fees Ordinances Ordinances • Land Use Zoning • Subdivisions • Junk Yards • Parking • Driveway and Entrance • Well head protection §125-31. IresonHill Corridor. A. Minimum lot size: 20,000 square feet with sewers; 40,000 square feet without sewers. B. Minimum road frontage and lot width: 100 [feet] with sewers; 200 [feet] without sewers. C. Minimum front setback: 75 [feet]. D. Minimum side setback: 25 [feet]. E. Minimum rear setback: 25 [feet]. F. Maximum lot coverage: 25%. G. Maximum height: 40 [feet]. H. Minimum area per family: 5,000 square feet with sewers; 10,000 square feet without sewers. FIGURE: Bar Harbor 2004 Zoning Map Active and Passive Zoning There are two general approaches to zoning review for proposed business licenses: active and passive. •Active zoning:allows for case-by-case review of permit applications. Creates formal opportunities for public input and increases the ability to ensure that proposed land-use reflects local conditions. •Passive zoning:establishes general requirements for permits (views permit “as a right”). If applicant meets these, permit generally is granted. •Source: www.marininstitute.org IMAGE: drawings labeled: Inappropriate Treatment Appropriate Treatment (2) Building scale and design (a) The size of a building and the building meas in relationship to the site and surrounding features shall visually complement the buildings, squares, and places to which it is visually related. Permits •Conditional Use Permit (CUP) –allows local communities to have a say over the establishment and operation •Deemed Approved Ordinance –Grandfathered –Communities can place conditions of operations •Text Restrictions –Permitted uses –Bans on certain types of outlets –Moratoria •Temporary Use Permits –E.g. short-term, emergency IMAGE: Couries Publications, Saturday, October 15, 2005 Moratorium is approved (Bar Harbor) Performance Zoning Three Types of Performance Standards •Absolute –proposed development must comply with each absolute performance standard •Relative –proposed project must score at least zero in a point-scoring system •Incentives –point scoring facilitates incentives like density bonuses Standards are assigned importance weights. Proposals are assigned scores for their performance. Conservation Standards 1.Ridgelines: Clearing. Clearing on scenic ridgelines identified in the jurisdiction’s open space plan (shall) (is encouraged to) be limited to 10% of the total lot area. -2/0 Compatibility Standards 7.Screening: Mechanical Equipment. Outdoor mechanical equipment (shall) (is encouraged to) be screened from public view using landscaping and, where necessary, an opaque fence or wall. -2/0 FIGURE: Performance Checklist (form) Headings: Absolute Standard, Relative Standards Columns: NR, compleis, fails, Importance, points, score, comments/conditions Rows: Standard 1. Ridgelines: Clearing 2. Ridgelines: Height 3. Watercourse Buffers 4. Runoff & Erosion Control 5. Land Conservation 6. Compatibility a) height b) scale c) coverage d) intensity Design and Review Vision (top box of figure) Plan (second, vertical box of figure) Education: Voluntary Efforts (third tier of boxes) Incentives (third tier of boxes) Ordinances(third tier of boxes) Master Plan (below and connecting to Education and Incentives) Site Planning (below and connecting to Master Plan) Review (bottom of figure, connecting to Site Planning and Ordinances) Promoting Smart Growth IMAGE: A Guide to Livable Design The Great American Neighborhood Contemporary Design Principles for Building Livable Residential Communities Maine Sate Planning Office Grow Smart Maine June 2004 Site Plan Review •Depends upon applicable ordinances, location, timing •Advised by planning staff, code enforcement, health officer, emergency services and more •Specialized training for site plan review is essential IMAGES: two drawings of site plans Conclusion •We live in an interconnected web •Play all of the strings on your sitar •Follow the “blessed path” •Start with a vision •Count your assets •Forecast where you are heading •Set Goals, Objectives and Strategies •Map your future •Educate, Motivate, Regulate •Balance place with performance •Livability –what does this mean for health? •Design a better world LOGO: Rock and Road! 2005 National Scenic Byways Conference